Treatment Options for Heroin Addiction

Treatment Options for Heroin Addiction Addiction Drug Use Heroin Print Treatment Options for Heroin Addiction By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 14, 2019 Hero Images / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Heroin Cocaine Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Quitting heroin  can be extremely difficult, but for those who have a sincere desire or motivation to quit, there are a variety of treatments available and recovery is absolutely possible. These include behavioral therapies and pharmacological treatments. Different Treatment Approaches for Heroin Addiction Both approaches to treatment, behavioral and pharmacological, can be effective individually, but research has shown that integrating both types of treatment is most effective for some heroin users. Comprehensive treatment programs are considered effective if they not only help the addict become abstinent, but depending on the individual, also restore a degree of normalcy in brain function and behavior, increase employment rates, lower the risk of HIV and other diseases, and reduce criminal behavior. Detoxification Usually, heroin users will go through a detoxification program before beginning their long-term treatment program. During detoxification, patients are sometimes given medications to lessen the withdrawal symptoms, which can include pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Although the detoxification process itself is not addiction treatment, it can be an effective first step when followed by behavioral therapy or pharmacological treatment, according to the National Institute on Drug abuse research. Pharmacological Treatment Medications which have been approved for the treatment of heroin addiction work through the same opioid receptors in the brain that heroin works on, but are safer. These medications are divided into three types: agonist, which activate opioid receptors; partial agonist, which activate opioid receptors but produce a lesser response; and antagonists, which block the receptor and therefore the rewarding effects of opioids. Medications that have been found to be effective for heroin treatment include: Methadone (Dolophine or Methadose) is an opioid agonist that is taken orally and is, therefore, slow-acting. It works by dampening the high that heroin users experience while at the same time preventing withdrawal symptoms. Methadone is dispensed to patients on a daily basis through approved outpatient treatment programs. The oldest of the pharmacological treatments for heroin addiction, it is still an effective option for patients who do not respond well to other medications, according to the NIDA. Can Methadone Help You Quit Heroin? Buprenorphine (Subutex) is a partial opioid agonist. It works by relieving the craving for heroin without the high or dangerous side effects of opioids. Suboxone is a medication that contains buprenorphine and naloxone, which is taken orally or sublingually. It is designed to prevent attempts by patients to get high by injecting the drug. If Suboxone is injected, it produces withdrawal symptoms the user does not experience if they take the medication orally as prescribed. Buprenorphine has been approved to be prescribed by certified physicians, making daily trips to a clinic unnecessary as required with methadone. This makes the treatment more accessible than methadone. Generic versions of Suboxone are also available, making it a less expensive option. Naltrexone (Depade or Revia) is an opioid antagonist. It works by blocking the action of opioids in the brain. Naltrexone is not addictive, sedating and does not produce physical dependence. One limit to the effectiveness of Naltrexone has been patient compliance, but a long-action, injectable version of the medication (Vivitrol) that can be administered once a month has improved patient compliance by eliminating daily doses. Naltrexone for Maintaining Drug Abstinence by Eliminating Desire Behavioral Therapies There are many behavioral treatments available for heroin addiction that have been found effective by NIDA research. They are available in both residential and outpatient settings. Two of these approaches are contingency management and cognitive-behavior therapy. In a contingency management program, patients typically earn points in a voucher-based system for each negative drug test. The vouchers can be exchanged for items that encourage a healthy lifestyle. In cognitive-behavioral therapy, patients are taught stress-coping skills and learn to modify their expectations and behavior related to drug use. NIDA research has found that both of these therapy approaches work more effectively if combined with pharmacological treatment. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Organizational Structure Of Organization Structure

-1. Early in the course we discussed bureaucracy. We said this form of organization was the starting point for understanding all modern organizations. Based on the text and other class readings develop an essay that begins with a brief definition of bureaucracy and the reason why this form of organization remains the cornerstone of organization structure. Then, give three reasons why the principles of bureaucracy may sometimes be dysfunctional for an organization. Conclude your essay with a discussion of three principles that might be used for designing organizational structure that would avoid bureaucratic dysfunction. Express each principle as a complete sentence, and with each briefly describe why you find the principle to be important in the design of organization structure. Number the principles as: P1, P2 P3. RQ-1 Bureaucracy is part of the organizational structure that implements a hierarchy of management. It brings managers together with various skills, experiences, and goals (Bateman, Snell, Konopaske, p. 34). Bureaucracy operates with rules and regulations. This structure is considered the ideal structure for businesses to keep controls in place and every business must have structure. This is why bureaurcracy has remained the corner stone of organizational structure. Although the bureaucracy approach is considered good, it does have its dysfunctions. The three reasons that makes bureaucracy dysfunctional are: 1. The red tape which could mean there areShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Structure Of An Organization1585 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant things to run a business smoothly is an appropriate organizational structure in order to manage workers effectively, have maximum productivity and achieve the objectives set by the company. The structure of an organization including the method that an organization employs to delineate lines of communication, policies, authority and responsibilities. It determines the extent and nature of how leadership is disseminated within the organization. It is the method to ensure effective channels of communicationRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of An Organization Essay1629 Words   |  7 Pages1.2 At least two different organizational structures are identified, described, and compared in terms of their design principles. Ans: - 1. Organisational Structure – It is a structure which is used to elaborate ranking in an organisation. It is also define as an organizational structure which defines how activities such as task portion, division and guidance are directed towards the achievement of organizational purposes. 2. There are different types of organisationalRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of An Organization1130 Words   |  5 Pagescompany to be productive and advance in the business environment. Organizational structure determines how roles, power, and responsibilities are assigned, controlled, coordinated and how information flows between the different levels of management. In an organizational workforce environment, there are several levels of management, such as managers, supervisors, team leads and coordinators. Their responsibilities are to know why organizational changes are necessary and they must effectively communicateRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of An Organization1085 Words   |  5 PagesAn organizational structure is a composition that specifies a company s hierarchical structure. There are various kinds of conformations that organizations can choose to build their business around. The organizational structure exemplifies the way in which control and business affairs ha ve been appointed within the organization. Organizational structure encompasses the design of an organization though people positioning and responsibilities in order for organizational goals can be reached. SomeRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of The Organization1163 Words   |  5 PagesOver the years, most organizations have been urged to consider changing their organizational structure so as to promote employee flexibility as well as empower them with the discretion of making decisions. As a result, organizations across the world have resorted to de-layering or flattening their organizational structures with the hopes of achieving employee flexibility and improving the operations of the organization as well. De-layering or flattening, in this case, refers to the elimination ofRead MoreOrganizational Structure And The Organization789 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizations are founded on the basis that they want to accomplish a goal. Organizations differ from one another in variou s ways, and that is stated in their mission and vision statement as well as their goals. Every organization has a set pattern that helps to establish the structure on which it will accomplish the goal of the business. According to Prodanciuc, organizational structure is the fundamental concept that helps the organization be organized and administrated. The organizing takes placeRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of An Organization1361 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction An organization is defined as a group of people who work together in an organized way for shared purpose. When people come together, they can either compliment one another or potentially create conflicts and disagreements in the course of pursuing common objectives with their differentiated experiences, perceptions and knowledge. Managing an organization involves putting a structure to the business so that managers can manage, supervise and coordinate its people and organization’sRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of Starbucks Organization Structure1203 Words   |  5 Pages Organizational structure Starbucks organization structure is unique just like it coffee, it is customized to the company’s needs and abilities. However, the fundamentals of the structure come of a mix of other basic organization structures. One of the key reasons the company is full of success is because it is able to capitalize on the matrix form, the strategy works by involving all necessarily factors and the collaborate to form a functioning unit. The matrix form is a type of merging mixRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of An Organization1718 Words   |  7 Pagesintroduction This report is going to concentrate on the structure of an organization because, like Jay Lorsch said: organization structure is management’s formal and explicit attempts to indicate to organizational members what is expected of them. In his words, ‘this was management’s attempt to draw a map of whom they want to do what’ (Lorsch, 1977, p. 3) .So a mature and scientific organizational structure is an essential factor that a successful organization requires. I got an internship in a law officeRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of The Organization3890 Words   |  16 Pagesto set up the structure and policies to suit the changes of the market. One of the essential and most important factors to achieve that is the organizational structure. Organizational structure theory is especially useful for people who manage organizations, or who aspire to do so in the future. It enables the manager to see that his or her organization and its problems are rarely wholly unique. Usually, much of value can be learned from examining the behavior of other organizations in broadly similar

The Notion of Prophethood in Islam Free Essays

Only when times are at their most turbulent, when the people of Earth reach a point of living that is considered to be sinful and discordant, is there a need for a change or reform back to a virtuous lifestyle. It is evidenced in the thoughts and traditions of many different faiths of the world that this change, this revolution as it may also be referred to, is brought about by a message. Of course, a message, especially one that is meant to bring about reform and revolution, will not be heard without scrutiny on the deliverer of the message, the messenger. We will write a custom essay sample on The Notion of Prophethood in Islam or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the monotheistic religions of the world, Islam in particular, emphasis is placed on these messengers as bringers of truth in times of untruth or darkness, a divinely inspired human who acts as an intermediary between God and the people to whom the message is brought. Such messengers are called Prophets. This piece will discuss the notion of Prophethood in Islam, what it means to be a Prophet, and the similar traits amongst the circumstances of the Prophets. Islam places an importance of the highest degree on the monotheistic message it delivers, that there is only one God and no other. Thus, special emphasis is placed on the ones to deliver this message, the Prophets. However, for a person to be considered a Prophet in Islam, there are certain stipulations that they have to meet. The notion of a Prophet is generally a divinely inspired human who acts as an intermediary between God and other people, but more to it is that each and every Prophet receives their message directly from God and not from other people, not even from other Prophets. However, despite not learning of the message from other Prophets, the message being delivered is the same between each and every Prophet. This ensures the authenticity of the message that each Prophet receives and clearly displays the link between the Prophet and God to the recipients of the message. However, there is even further divergence underneath the title of Prophet. In Islam, there are generally two degrees of Prophethood, Nabi, and Rasul. The difference between a Nabi and a Rasul is mainly that a Rasul not only receives message from God, but is charged to propagate it. A Rasul may also be a Prophet that brings God’s scripture and they are to restore Divine Law or Sharia as well. A Nabi on the other hand is a human who brings news of the message, but the message that each brings is not necessarily universal. Both a Nabi and a Rasul has to be a pure and worthy person in order to hear God’s message, thus it can be observed that each and every Prophet is a Nabi by default, where a Rasul is a Prophet of more responsibility than that of a Nabi. Thus, it easily observable that all Prophets have similarities, but there are a few that stand out amongst others. Of the 25 Prophets mentioned in the Qur’an, there are 5 major Prophets that stand out amongst others. These Prophets are the Prophet Noah (AS), the Prophet Abraham (AS), the Prophet Moses (AS), the Prophet Jesus (AS), and the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS). While their names appear in several passages in the Qur’an, there is a particular passage that mentions all of them: He has ordained for you of religion what He enjoined upon Noah [AS] and that which We have revealed to you, [O Muhammad (SAWS)], and what We enjoined upon Abraham [AS] and Moses [AS] and Jesus [AS] – to establish the religion and not be divided therein†¦ The Holy Qur’an, Translated by Sahih International, 42:13 This verse addresses the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) in particular. It equates the message that was brought to the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) to the messages that were brought to the Prophets Noah (AS), Abraham (AS), Moses (AS) and Jesus (AS), establishing that the religion each Prophet was trying to propagate was the same for all of them: Islam. For example, the message that the Prophet Jesus (AS) had brought were brought to a people that had lost their way, but that message was not entirely original either, having been expressed before in some form. It was also said that Jesus (AS) did not so much preach a message as he was a message. In a similar manner, the conducts of the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) were said to contain a message themselves: There has certainly been for you in the Messenger of Allah [SWT] an excellent pattern for anyone whose hope is in Allah [SWT] and the Last Day and [who] remembers Allah [SWT] often. The Holy Qur’an, Translated by Sahih International, 33:21 This verse advises those who believe in Allah (SWT) of the patterns or the lifestyle of the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) and the message that can be found herein. It can therefore be observed that the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) would be the next in line as an Abrahamic Prophet due to his similarities to the Prophet Jesus (AS). However, despite the numerous similarities between the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) and the Prophets that were his predecessors, there is one fact that sets him apart from the others, and that is that the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) is consider ed to be the Khatam al-Anbiya, or the Seal of the Prophets. In the Holy Qur’an, it states the following: â€Å"Muhammad [SAWS] is not the father of [any] one of your men, but [he is] the Messenger of Allah [SWT] and last of the prophets. And ever is Allah [SWT], of all things, Knowing† (The Holy Qur’an, 33:40). It is well known that the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) did not leave any surviving male heirs, his three sons with Khadija (RA) as well his son with Mariya (RA) having passed away young, and his four daughters also having passed away in infancy (Textual Sources for the Study of Islam, p47). The verse relates that fact by acknowledging that there could be no direct descendant of the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS), thus no one could claim to be a Prophet by claiming to be descended from him. Even more so, the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) described his own status as the Seal of the Prophets: My likeness among all the Prophets is like the likeness of a man building a house. He is proficient at it, he does it well, and he leaves a single brick out. Then the people begin to go around the building, marvelling at it, and say: â€Å"It would be complete if not for this brick†. Indeed, in the building, I am the place for that brick. Textual Sources for the Study of Islam, p48 This quote puts forth more inclinations that the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) was not only another Abrahamic Prophet (the other two being Prophet Jesus (AS) and Prophet Moses (AS)), but the final Prophet after whom there would be no other. Thus, the notion of Prophethood in Islam is clearly defined and differentiated, with all Prophets being a Nabi and a select few being a Rasul. The Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) has also been clearly established as an Abrahamic Prophet and the Seal of the Prophets in the Qur’an. How to cite The Notion of Prophethood in Islam, Essay examples

Waterford Crystal A Case Analysis Essays - Waterford Wedgwood

Waterford Crystal a case analysis Waterford Crystal HISTORY OF WATERFORD CRYSTAL Waterford Glass was started by two brothers, George and William Penrose, in 1783. It was the most notable of all Irish crystal companies. In 1799, the Penrose brothers sold Waterford Glass to the Gatchell family. The crystal industry was prosperous until 1825. Irish glass manufacturers began to slowly close due to high export duties, the economic depression, and a lack of capital. Waterford Glass was the last to close in 1851. It was reestablished nearly a century later by Charles Bacik and Bernard Fitzpatrick. In 1947, they set up a factory in Waterford, Ireland. A turning point in the company's history came in 1950 when Joe McGrath made a sizable investment in Waterford Glass. He invested the capital needed to convert the small crystal manufacturing company into one with the potential to become a major player in the crystal industry. This investment gave his family control for the next thirty-five years. Joe McGrath was committed to Ireland and providing jobs for his country. He wanted to reduce the country's high unemployment level. His focus for Waterford Glass was on growing the company through exports to the United States. In 1966, Joe McGrath's son, Paddy McGrath, took over management of Waterford Glass. Like his father, he was dedicated to Ireland and to providing employment opportunities for the Irish. McGrath's quest to provide more jobs for the Irish led him to diversify the company. By 1983, the company had acquired more than thirty non-core businesses. To reflect the expansion, management changed the company's name to Waterford Glass Group. In 1985, Paddy McGrath resigned as chairman of Waterford Glass. Concurrent with Paddy McGrath's resignation, Paddy Hayes was appointed chairman and CEO of Waterford Glass Group. He immediately began to sell off the non-core businesses in an effort to reduce the company's high debt level. Waterford Glass's debt was virtually eliminated with the issue of American Depository Shares (ADS) on the United States NASDAQ market. On November 28, 1986, Waterford Glass acquired Wedgwood, a two hundred year old manufacturer and marketer of fine bone china. Paddy Hayes was named the chairman and CEO of both companies and Paddy Byrne was appointed CEO of Wedgwood. In 1989, the company's name was changed to Waterford Wedgwood. Three divisions were created as a result of this acquisition: the Waterford Crystal division, the Wedgwood division, and the Creative Tableware division. In 1989, Paddy Hayes resigned from his position as chairman and CEO of Waterford Wedgwood. Paddy Hayes was succeeded by Paddy Byrne as CEO of Waterford Wedgwood. Paddy Galvin was appointed as CEO of Waterford and Paddy Byrne continued as the CEO of Wedgwood. In 1990, the ownership of the company began to shift from Ireland. This was the result of an equity investment made by the Morgan Stanley/Fitzwilton consortium. On April 5, 1990, the workers at Waterford Wedgwood went on strike. The strike occurred when management took steps to reduce high labor costs. The strike lasted fourteen weeks causing significant problems for the local community. In December 1990, Waterford Wedgwood became two independent entities. Concurrent with the restructuring of the company, Paddy Byrne resigned. In September 1991, Waterford introduced a new brand of crystal called "Marquis by Waterford Crystal." THE CRYSTAL BUSINESS Today, the craftsmen of Waterford are supreme artists as they were in the 18th century. Having craft and design skills is the critical element in establishing and maintaining a competitive advantage. The combined skills of the craftsmen create the distinctive patterns known all over the world. The exceptional clarity of Waterford Crystal is achieved through several steps that have remained almost unchanged for over two centuries. Waterford products are manufactured by a strict process of mixing, blowing, cutting and polishing. Manufacturing crystal is very labor intensive. Labor costs are generally 50 to 55 percent of the manufacturing costs. Chemicals are mixed to create a unique formula that gives Waterford crystal its special sparkle and light refractive qualities. It is then heated to 1400 degrees centigrade in a natural gas fired furnace for at least 36 hours to produce molten crystal. A blower, using the traditional tools and techniques as in the 18th century, gathers a quantity of crystal from the furnace

Job

Job Job After someone reads this book on this poor man how can anyone not feel sympathy for him. The point of the story, which I assume is taught at church, is that this mans belief in god is so strong that even losing everything that he had wouldn't he would never lose that faith. After losing his family, his animals, and his health he still stayed strong. Was all this right? Is this the right way to teach that you should always have faith even when you have nothing and are in the worst health? This wasn't something that just happened to him; these awful things were put on him to prove a point to Satan and Job. Playing with someone to prove a point isn't exactly the way to show the way something is especially to someone as unimportant as Satan is. The representation of sin and evil shouldn't get the opportunity to do such things to someone even if this man was going to receive all he had lost and then some for this suffering.Job's Peak

Alices Adventures in Wonderland Book Review

Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Book Review Alices Adventures in Wonderland is one of the most famous and enduring childrens classics. The novel is full of whimsical charm, and a feeling for the absurd that is unsurpassed. But, who was Lewis Carroll? Charles Dodgson Lewis Carroll (Charles Dodgson) was a mathematician and logician who lectured at Oxford University. He balanced both personas, as he used his study in the sciences to create his eminently strange books. Alices Adventures in Wonderland is a charming, light book, that reputedly pleased Queen Victoria. She asked to receive the authors next work and was swiftly sent a copy of An Elementary Treatment of Determinants. Synopsis The book begins with young Alice, bored, sitting by a river, reading a book with her sister. Then Alice catches sight of a small white figure, a rabbit dressed in a waistcoat and holding a pocket watch, murmuring to himself that he is late. She runs after the rabbit and follows it into a hole. After falling into the depths of the earth, she finds herself in a corridor full of doors. At the end of the corridor, there is a tiny door with a tiny key through which Alice can see a beautiful garden that she is desperate to enter. She then spots a bottle labeled Drink me (which she does) and begins to shrink until she is small enough to fit through the door. Unfortunately, she has left the key that fits the lock on a table, now well out of her reach. She then finds a cake labeled Eat me (which, again, she does), and is restored to her normal size. Disconcerted by this frustrating series of events, Alice begins to cry, and as she does, she shrinks and is washed away in her own tears. This strange beginning leads to a series of progressively ​curiouser and curiouser events, which see Alice babysit a pig, take part in a tea party that is held hostage by time (so never ends), and engage in a game of croquet in which flamingos are used as mallets and hedgehogs as balls. She meets some extravagant and incredible characters, from the Cheshire Cat to a caterpillar smoking a hookah and being decidedly contradictory. She also, famously, meets the Queen of Hearts who has a penchant for execution.​ The book reaches its climax in the trial of the Knave of Hearts, who is accused of stealing the Queens tarts. A good deal of nonsense evidence is given against the unfortunate man, and a letter is produced which only refers to events by pronouns (but which is supposedly damning evidence). Alice, who by now has grown to a great size, stands up for the Knave and the Queen, predictably, demands her execution. As she is fighting off the Queen’s card soldiers, Alice awakes, realizing she has been dreaming all along. Review Carrolls book is episodic and reveals more in the situations that it contrives than in any serious attempt at plot or character analysis. Like a series of nonsense poems or stories created more for their puzzling nature or illogical delightfulness, the events of Alices adventure are her encounters with incredible but immensely likable characters. Carroll was a master of toying with the eccentricities of language. One feels that Carroll is never more at home than when he is playing, punning, or otherwise messing around with the English tongue. Although the book has been interpreted in numerous ways, from an allegory of semiotics theory to a drug-fueled hallucination, perhaps it is this playfulness that has ensured its  success over the last century. The book is brilliant for children, but with enough hilarity and joy for life in it to please adults too, Alices Adventures in Wonderland is a lovely book with which to take a brief respite from our overly rational and sometimes dreary world.

The Appellate Courts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Appellate Courts - Research Paper Example The legal system of most countries has various levels and as a result, if one of the participants in a case feels discontented/feels that a lower-level court has not judged his or her case fairly; he/she may decide to file a formal appeal, requesting that the case be reviewed in an appellate court. In the event that the appellate court discovers that the lower court erred or used the incorrect legal procedure, for instance, it may decide to overturn the original verdict. History.com documents that the United States’ Supreme Court is a famous example of an appellate court. It is considered as a court of last resort or final appeal – once it hands down a decision, there does not exist a higher court of appeals. The appellate court system guarantees that individuals who desire to make an appeal can do so. A lawyer/team of lawyers has the responsibility of filing an appeal, and experience with the process of appeal is very useful, seeing that it can aid in the achievement o f the desired result. History of the US Appellate Courts The United States’ Court of Appeals had been created by an act of Congress (1891) to ease the Supreme Court of a good deal of its growing appellate duties in addition to remedying dearth in the cumbersome Circuit Court System, which was ultimately eliminated in the year 1911. The nine appellate courts were not to exercise original jurisdiction or to be trial courts. They were to be the essential middle rung in the three-tiered federal court system, which had been envisaged from the First Judiciary Act of 1789 instituted federal courts, pursuant to the Constitution’s Article 3, section 1. Under the courts of appeal were the United States district courts, which acted as trial courts for criminal and civil cases relating to federal law. The Supreme Court was above the courts of appeal. The courts of appeal embodied many aspects of the previous circuit courts. The main responsibility of appellate courts is reviewing the decision of a trial court on a given appealed case, looking for ‘mistakes of law’ that the trial court may have made. They do not ‘second guess’ factual issues that the trial courts decided earlier on. In the legal system, the jury resolves factual issues and not the appellate court (Radcliffe, 1). Each court of appeals had a geographic region, which it served. For the previous Fifth Circuit, that region comprised of Georgia, Alabama, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida, as well as the Canal Zone, in essence the same region that the old Fifth Circuit Court served ever since the 1866 re-organization of the circuits. In the year 1869, in an endeavor to fortify the circuits, Congress, sanctioned that a circuit judge be appointed for each circuit. In 1869, President Grant appointed William Burnham Woods as the first judge of the reorganized Fifth Circuit. Don Albert Pardee succeeded him in 1881 (UScourts.gov, 1). In the 1891 Act, which created the Court of Appeals, Congress authorized a second judge for the Fifth Circuit, and in the year 1892, Texan A.P. McCormick took that position. In 1899, David D. Shelby, an attorney from Huntsville, Alabama and ex- Confederate cavalry officer became the third judge for the Fifth Circuit. The Court of Appeals Act (1891) chose one city in each circuit where court would be take place. In 1930, the number of judges in the Court of Appe